IGCSE Geography / Development and human welfare

Top-down and bottom-up development revision notes

Edexcel International GCSE Geography (4GE1), chapter 9: Development and human welfare, specification point 9.3c. Part of the full course.

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Top-down and bottom-up development describe who decides and runs a project. Each approach has different strengths and limits, so both can be useful for meeting a country’s development needs.

More lessons in Development and human welfare

• What development and human welfare mean
• What contributes to development
• Measuring development: GDP per capita
• Measuring development: the Human Development Index
• Measuring inequality and corruption
• The global pattern of development
• Why development is uneven
• The impacts of uneven development
• Case study: Italy, a divided country
• Demographic data and development
• Population structure and development
• International aid
• Agreements between governments
• Different views on closing the development gap
• Case studies: top-down projects in Nigeria and the UK
• Case studies: bottom-up projects in Kenya and South Africa