IGCSE Geography / Hazardous environments

Case studies: Mount Merapi and Mount Ontake revision notes

Edexcel International GCSE Geography (4GE1), chapter 3: Hazardous environments, specification point 3.2c. Part of the full course.

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Mount Merapi’s 2010 eruption caused severe impacts, but warnings and evacuation saved many lives. Mount Ontake’s 2014 steam eruption gave almost no warning, showing that monitoring cannot remove volcanic risk.

More lessons in Hazardous environments

• Natural hazards: types and where they happen
• How tropical cyclones form
• Plates and plate boundaries
• Why earthquakes happen
• Volcanoes and hotspots
• Measuring hazards
• Why some countries are more vulnerable
• Case study: the Nepal earthquake, 2015
• Case study: the central Italy earthquakes, 2016
• Why people live with the risk
• Case study: Hurricane Katrina, 2005
• Case study: Typhoon Haiyan, 2013
• Preparing for earthquakes: warning, drills and mapping
• Earthquake-resistant buildings
• After the earthquake: short-term response and relief
• After the earthquake: longer-term planning
• Case study: managing the earthquake in Nepal
• Case study: managing earthquakes in Italy
• Case study: preparing for earthquakes in India
• Hazard fieldwork: collecting the data
• Hazard fieldwork: results, conclusions and evaluation