Describing distributions and patterns on maps revision notes

Edexcel International GCSE Geography (4GE1), chapter 11: Geographical skills, specification point G1, G6. Free lesson.

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Maps show the location and spread of data in different ways. To describe a distribution, use a general pattern, supporting areas and figures, and an exception, without giving reasons.

How five data maps show values

Each map type has a rule for showing data, so check what its marks mean before describing the pattern. On a choropleth map, each area is shaded by its value. Darker shading means a higher value, and the key gives the numbers. Each area is given one value, so differences within it are hidden. A sudden change at a border is not real. On a dot map, each dot stands for a set number. Crowded dots show where something is concentrated. On a proportional symbol map, a bigger symbol represents a bigger value at that place. On a flow line map, lines show movement, such as migrants or…

How to describe a distribution

A distribution is where things are and how they are spread out. A strong describe answer says what the general pattern is, supports it with named areas and figures, then identifies a place that does not fit the pattern. For the general pattern, use compass directions where they help. Quote figures from the map key and connect them to named areas. Finish with an exception, a place that does not follow the general pattern. Use the same approach for patterns such as vegetation, land use or communications, including roads and railways. Give no reasons unless the question asks you to…

Worked example: population density

The map shows population density, meaning the number of people per square kilometre. A three-mark answer needs the pattern, areas with figures and an exception. Population density is highest in the south and falls towards the north. The three southern coastal regions have over 200 people per km², while the four northern regions have fewer than 10. The region round the capital, in the far north, is an exception because it also has over 200 people per km².

How to describe a settlement

A settlement is a place where people live. Describe its shape, site and situation separately: shape is the arrangement of buildings, site is the land it stands on, and situation is its position among surrounding features. A nucleated settlement has buildings clustered tightly round a centre, often a crossroads or bridge. A linear settlement has buildings in a line, usually along a road or the floor of a valley. A dispersed settlement has scattered farms and houses, with fields between them. The site is the actual ground under the settlement. A village might stand at a…

How to draw a sketch map

A sketch map is a simple hand-drawn map showing the main features of a place. Keep it clear and include only what the question is about.